{"id":30089,"date":"2025-03-21T16:27:48","date_gmt":"2025-03-21T13:27:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.klimikdergisi.org\/?p=30089"},"modified":"2025-03-28T20:37:58","modified_gmt":"2025-03-28T17:37:58","slug":"asi-karsitligi-olcegi-gelistirilmesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.klimikdergisi.org\/tr\/2025\/03\/21\/asi-karsitligi-olcegi-gelistirilmesi\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Ge\u00e7erli ve G\u00fcvenilir A\u015f\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fi Geli\u015ftirilmesi"},"content":{"rendered":"

G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/h2>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131klama, bireylerin belirli hastal\u0131klardan korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak imm\u00fcn sistemi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir ve infeksiyon hastal\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 daha etkili bir savunma mekanizmas\u0131 olu\u015fturur (1). A\u015f\u0131lar, ki\u015fileri hastal\u0131klarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmadan \u00f6nce koruma alt\u0131na alarak, patojenlere kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir (2). Ayr\u0131ca do\u011fru zamanda ve do\u011fru y\u00f6ntemle uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klardan ve bu hastal\u0131klara ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm ve sakatlanmalardan korunmay\u0131 da sa\u011flar (3).<\/p>\n

1796 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz Doktor Edward Jenner taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedilen \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 tarihte geli\u015ftirilen ilk a\u015f\u0131 olarak kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir (3-4). \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihi pek \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 hastal\u0131k ve bu hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tedavisi i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilen y\u00f6ntemler, metotlar ve teknolojilerle doludur. \u0130nfeksiyon hastal\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 korunman\u0131n en etkili, ucuz ve kolay yollar\u0131ndan biri olan a\u015f\u0131lama, di\u011fer tedavi y\u00f6ntemlerinin aksine, var oldu\u011fu g\u00fcnden bug\u00fcne bilimsellikten uzak sorgulamalara maruz kalm\u0131\u015f ve ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan tart\u0131\u015fmalar insanlarda a\u015f\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 \u015f\u00fcphe ve teredd\u00fct olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur (4).<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (DS\u00d6), a\u015f\u0131lar sayesinde \u00f6l\u00fcmlere ve sakatlanmalara sebep olan pek \u00e7ok hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n insidans\u0131n\u0131n azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve baz\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tamamen ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015ftir (5). Verilen sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin ki\u015filere yeterli ve e\u015fit derecede ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamamas\u0131, a\u015f\u0131lar hakk\u0131nda do\u011fru bilgiye ula\u015fmada g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7ekilmesi gibi fakt\u00f6rlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da toplumdaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck a\u015f\u0131lama oranlar\u0131n\u0131n sebepleri aras\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilmektedir (6). Ge\u00e7mi\u015fi a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffi kadar eski olan a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar, 1990 y\u0131l\u0131 sonras\u0131nda t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve \u00fclkemiz de bu art\u0131\u015f e\u011filiminden etkilenmi\u015ftir (7). Bu durumun bir sonucu olarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bebeklerine a\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131rmay\u0131 reddeden ailelerin say\u0131s\u0131 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda 980 iken, 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda 5 bin 400, 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda 12 bin, 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise 23 bine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (7-8).<\/p>\n

\u0130nternetin hayat\u0131m\u0131za girmesiyle birlikte her konuda oldu\u011fu gibi sa\u011fl\u0131kla ilgili merak edilen konularda da en \u00e7ok ba\u015fvurulan y\u00f6ntem arama motorlar\u0131na soru sormakt\u0131r. \u0130nternette yap\u0131lan bu aramalar sonucunda, ki\u015filer a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi destekleyen pek \u00e7ok yanl\u0131\u015f bilgi ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmakta ve s\u00f6z konusu bilgilerin yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da artmaktad\u0131r (9). Di\u011fer yanda sadece t\u0131p profesyonellerinin karar vermesi gereken sa\u011fl\u0131kla ilgili baz\u0131 konularda da sosyal mecralardaki dan\u0131\u015fma gruplar\u0131n\u0131n etkisi g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e artmaktad\u0131r (10). A\u015f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131lan yanl\u0131\u015f ve olumsuz haberlerin, a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn sosyal medya arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yeniden yay\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmekte ve etkile\u015fimli medya ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015filerin a\u015f\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik tutumlar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyebilece\u011fi belirtilmektedir (11).<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n amac\u0131, a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fc, reddi ve kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131ran ve kapsaml\u0131 bir de\u011ferlendirme sunan, ge\u00e7erli ve g\u00fcvenilir bir T\u00fcrk\u00e7e A\u015f\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fi geli\u015ftirmektir. Bireyin a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct d\u00fczeyini belirleyen pek \u00e7ok \u00f6l\u00e7ek geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f olmakla birlikte bu \u00f6l\u00e7ekler a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fc ve a\u015f\u0131 reddini a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile benzer anlamda kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011frudan a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131na odaklanan ilk \u00f6l\u00e7ek olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda, a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavram\u0131n\u0131n boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00e7ekte kullan\u0131lacak maddeleri belirlemek i\u00e7in sosyal medya ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri olan instagram uygulamas\u0131ndaki a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131m ve yorumlar netnografi y\u00f6ntemi kullan\u0131larak analiz edildi.<\/p>\n

Y\u00d6NTEMLER<\/h2>\n

\u00d6l\u00e7ek geli\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecinde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm arac\u0131n\u0131 meydana getiren fakt\u00f6rleri a\u00e7\u0131klayan betimsel bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu kapsamda, \u00f6ncelikli olarak instagram uygulamas\u0131 \u00fczerinden a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 s\u00f6ylemlerde bulunan ve en \u00e7ok takip\u00e7isi olan \u00fc\u00e7 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e hesap, netnografi y\u00f6ntemiyle incelendi ve a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 s\u00f6ylemler belirli temalar alt\u0131nda topland\u0131 (12). Daha sonra, a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fc ya da reddi ya\u015fayan yedi ki\u015fi ile yar\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f formlar (Ek-3) arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla m\u00fclakatlar yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve bu ki\u015filerin a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini destekleyen nedenler kapsam\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n boyutlar\u0131 ortaya konuldu. <\/span><\/p>\n

Elde edilen temalar, a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n boyutlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda grupland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve anket i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lacak \u00f6l\u00e7ek havuzu bu temalar alt\u0131nda yer alan ve en s\u0131k tekrar eden maddelerden olu\u015fturuldu. \u00d6l\u00e7ek havuzunda yer alan maddeler, kapsam ge\u00e7erlili\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan veya biyolog olan ve a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015f be\u015f uzman taraf\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirildi. A\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi i\u00e7in olu\u015fturulan madde havuzu (Ek-2) be\u015f fakt\u00f6r alt\u0131nda toplanan 52 maddeden olu\u015fmakta idi.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7ilen maddelerden olu\u015fturulan anket formu, belirlenen \u00f6rneklem grubuna uyguland\u0131. Nicel ara\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcrecinde, tesad\u00fcfi olmayan \u00f6rnekleme y\u00f6ntemlerinden kolayda \u00f6rnekleme<\/i> y\u00f6ntemi tercih edildi. Anket formu, pilot \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in 260 ki\u015fiye, ana \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in ise 509 ki\u015fiye uyguland\u0131. Hem pilot hem de ana \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma anketleri, Google Formlar<\/i> \u00fczerinden Eyl\u00fcl-Ekim 2022 d\u00f6neminde kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara internet \u00fczerinden ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle internet eri\u015fimi olmayan ki\u015filerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya dahil edilememesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6nemli k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rmada elde edilen veriler, %95 ve %99 g\u00fcven aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 (GA)\u2019nda, SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) versiyon 24.0 program\u0131 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, ABD) ve LISREL istatistik yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 versiyon 8.7 (Scientific Software International Inc., ABD) ile analiz edildi. \u00d6l\u00e7eklerin ge\u00e7erlik ve g\u00fcvenirli\u011fini de\u011ferlendirme amac\u0131yla s\u0131ras\u0131yla madde analizi, g\u00fcvenirlik analizi, madde-toplam korelasyon analizi, madde ay\u0131rt edicilik analizi ve a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 fakt\u00f6r analizi <\/i>(AFA) kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Daha sonra ana \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ge\u00e7ildi\u011finde, \u00f6l\u00e7eklerin do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131 fakt\u00f6r analizi (DFA) yap\u0131ld\u0131, uyum indekslerine ve ortalama a\u00e7\u0131klanan varyans (average varience extracted – AVE) – bile\u015fik g\u00fcvenirlik <\/i>(composite reliability – CR) de\u011ferlerine bak\u0131ld\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n pilot ve ana \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda her bir kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n demografik \u00f6zelliklerini belirlenmek i\u00e7in frekans analizleri ve betimleyici analizler yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131, Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri \u00dcniversitesi Hamidiye Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Sa\u011fl\u0131k Y\u00f6netimi Doktora Program\u0131 i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan tez \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda haz\u0131rland\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri \u00dcniversitesi Hamidiye Bilimsel Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Etik Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan 04 \u015eubat 2022 tarih ve 5\/1 karar numaras\u0131yla onayland\u0131.<\/p>\n

BULGULAR<\/h2>\n
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Tablo 1.<\/strong> Pilot \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmadaki Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n Demografik \u00d6zellikleri<\/p><\/div>\n

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Tablo 2.<\/strong> A\u015f\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fine \u0130li\u015fkin Madde \u0130statistikleri<\/p><\/div>\n

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Tablo 3.<\/strong> A\u015f\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fine \u0130li\u015fkin Yeni Madde \u0130statistikleri<\/p><\/div>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rma kapsam\u0131nda pilot \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya kat\u0131lan 260 ki\u015finin sosyodemografik \u00f6zellikleri Tablo 1\u2019de ve anket formu ekler b\u00f6l\u00fcmde sunuldu
\n(EK 4<\/span>). \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fe ili\u015fkin yap\u0131lan madde analizi Tablo 2\u2019de verildi. \u00d6l\u00e7ekteki her bir maddenin kendisi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki maddelerle olan korelasyonunun 0.30\u2019un alt\u0131nda bir de\u011fer almamas\u0131 beklenmekte idi (13); \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sonuncunda ili\u015fkinin 0.30\u2019un alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu toplam 17 madde tespit edildi ve bu nedenle 9, 16, 17, 19, 23, 24, 25, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 46, 50 ve 51 numaral\u0131 maddeler \u00f6l\u00e7ekten \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131 (Tablo 2). \u00d6l\u00e7ekten s\u00f6z konusu maddelerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle yeniden madde analizi yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve yeni istatistik de\u011ferleri Tablo 3\u2019te verildi. \u00d6l\u00e7ekte kalan 35 maddenin di\u011fer maddelerle olan ili\u015fkisine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 0.30 de\u011ferinin alt\u0131nda kalan madde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fin i\u00e7 tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in Cronbach alfa (CA) g\u00fcvenirlik analizi yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenirlik d\u00fczeyinin madde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131 sonras\u0131nda 0.954\u2019ten 0.985\u2019e y\u00fckseldi\u011fi belirlendi. Bu de\u011fer beklenenden y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde idi (14).<\/p>\n

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Tablo 4.<\/strong> A\u015f\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011finin Maddeleri ile \u00d6l\u00e7ek Toplam Korelasyon De\u011ferleri<\/p><\/div>\n

Geli\u015ftirilen \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin maddeleri ile \u00f6l\u00e7ek toplam korelasyon de\u011ferleri Tablo 4\u2019te sunuldu. Madde-toplam ili\u015fki katsay\u0131s\u0131 (r<\/i>) t\u00fcm maddeler i\u00e7in 0.30\u2019un \u00fczerinde olup maddelerin \u00f6l\u00e7me g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yeterli seviyede oldu\u011fu tespit edildi. \u00d6l\u00e7ek maddeleri ile toplam puan aras\u0131ndaki korelasyon de\u011ferlerinin 0.710-0.908 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi ve ili\u015fkilerin istatistiksel a\u00e7\u0131dan anlaml\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirlendi (p<\/i><0.01). Bu bulgular do\u011frultusunda, \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin maddeleri aras\u0131nda tutarl\u0131l\u0131k sorunu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 (15).<\/p>\n

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Tablo 5.<\/strong> A\u015f\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fine Ait Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Testi ve Barlett Ku\u0308resellik Testi Sonucu<\/p><\/div>\n

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Tablo 6.<\/strong> A\u015f\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011finin \u00d6z De\u011ferleri ve A\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131klar\u0131 Varyans Du\u0308zeyleri<\/p><\/div>\n

Elde edilen verilerin ge\u00e7erli\u011fini test etmek amac\u0131yla AFA uyguland\u0131. Fakt\u00f6r analizinin \u00f6n ko\u015fulu olarak, de\u011fi\u015fkenler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve veri yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n fakt\u00f6r analizine uygunlu\u011funu de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) testi ve Bartlett k\u00fcresellik testleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi (16); KMO de\u011feri 0.60\u2019tan b\u00fcy\u00fck ve Bartlett k\u00fcresellik testi sonucu ise %99 GA d\u00fczeyinde idi (p<\/i><0.01) (Tablo 5).\u00a0 <\/span>Bulgular\u0131m\u0131z, \u00f6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn fakt\u00f6r analizine uygun oldu\u011funu ve verilerin \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fkenli normal da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mdan geldi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi (17). Bu sonu\u00e7lar verilerimizin AFA i\u00e7in de uygun oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi (Tablo 6).<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 1.<\/strong> \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fe Ait Yama\u00e7 Grafi\u011fi<\/p><\/div>\n

\u00d6l\u00e7ek \u00e7ok fakt\u00f6rl\u00fc bir yap\u0131 sergiledi\u011fi i\u00e7in, maddelerin hangi fakt\u00f6rler alt\u0131nda yer alaca\u011f\u0131na do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde karar verilmesi \u00f6nem arz etmekte idi. Bu sebeple \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda, \u201cVarimax\u201d dik d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme tekni\u011fine ba\u015fvuruldu ve d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme sonras\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin \u00f6z de\u011ferlerinin 1\u2019in \u00fczerinde be\u015f fakt\u00f6rl\u00fc bir yap\u0131da oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu be\u015f fakt\u00f6r, \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin toplam varyans\u0131n\u0131n %85.057\u2019sini a\u00e7\u0131klamaktayd\u0131. Literat\u00fcrde, varyans oran\u0131n\u0131n %40-%60 aras\u0131nda olmas\u0131 yeterli g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (18). Bu nedenle a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi i\u00e7in elde edilen varyans oran\u0131 olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011fa i\u015faret etmektedir. \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fin fakt\u00f6r yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 daha do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde belirlemek i\u00e7in fakt\u00f6r noktalar\u0131n\u0131n hangi \u00f6z de\u011ferler noktas\u0131nda k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren yama\u00e7 grafi\u011fi (scree plot) olu\u015fturuldu (\u015eekil 1). Bu grafik incelendi\u011finde, \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme sonras\u0131nda \u00f6z de\u011ferinin 1\u2019in alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131n\u0131n 5. fakt\u00f6rden sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc; 6. fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00f6z de\u011ferinin 1\u2019in olduk\u00e7a alt\u0131nda kalmas\u0131 nedeniyle, \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi en iyi a\u00e7\u0131klayan yap\u0131n\u0131n 5 fakt\u00f6rl\u00fc oldu\u011fu sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Tablo 7.<\/strong> A\u015f\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fi Maddelerine Ait Fakt\u00f6r Yu\u0308k De\u011ferleri<\/p><\/div>\n

A\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi maddelerinin fakt\u00f6r y\u00fck de\u011ferleri Tablo 7\u2019de sunuldu. Bir maddenin fakt\u00f6r y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn 0.45\u2019in alt\u0131nda olmas\u0131 durumunda \u00f6l\u00e7ekten \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir (18). Ancak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda, t\u00fcm maddelerin fakt\u00f6r y\u00fckleri 0.45\u2019in \u00fczerinde oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir maddenin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na gerek kalmad\u0131. Di\u011fer yanda, maddelerin karars\u0131zl\u0131k durumu incelendi ve fakt\u00f6rler aras\u0131ndaki y\u00fck farklar\u0131n\u0131n 0.10\u2019dan b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu bulgu, maddelerde herhangi bir karars\u0131zl\u0131k durumu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergesi idi (19).<\/span><\/p>\n

Tablo 7\u2019de yer alan her bir fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn kendi i\u00e7indeki i\u00e7 tutarl\u0131k d\u00fczeyinin 0.70\u2019ten b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fu tespit edildi (15); bu durum fakt\u00f6rlerin y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde g\u00fcvenirli\u011fe sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir (CA>0.70).<\/p>\n

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Tablo 8.<\/strong> Maddelerin Ay\u0131rt Edicili\u011finin %27\u2019lik Alt ve \u00dcst Gruplara G\u00f6re Test Edilmesi<\/p><\/div>\n

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Tablo 9.<\/strong> Ana \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmadaki Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n Demografik \u00d6zelliklerine G\u00f6re Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131<\/p><\/div>\n

Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n %27\u2019lik alt ve \u00fcst gruplar\u0131n\u0131 belirlenmek i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fine verilen yan\u0131tlar\u0131n toplam puanlar\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckten b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011fe do\u011fru s\u0131raland\u0131 ve Tablo 8\u2019de sunuldu. Alt ve \u00fcst grup analizi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, s\u0131ralanan puanlar\u0131n en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck %27\u2019lik k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan ilk 70 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 ile en y\u00fcksek %27\u2019lik k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan di\u011fer 70 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n puanlar\u0131 incelendi (20). Maddelerin ay\u0131rt edicili\u011fini de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan bu analizde, %27\u2019lik alt ve \u00fcst gruplara ait de\u011ferlerin t\u00fcm maddeler i\u00e7in istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 d\u00fczeyde oldu\u011fu belirlendi (p<\/i><0.01). Ana \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadaki kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n demografik \u00f6zellikleri Tablo 9\u2019da sunuldu.<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 2.<\/strong> A\u015f\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011finin Do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131 Fakt\u00f6r Analizi Sonucuna Ait Yol Diyagram\u0131<\/p><\/div>\n

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\u015eekil 3.<\/strong> A\u015f\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fin t De\u011ferlerine Ait Yol Diyagram\u0131<\/p><\/div>\n

A\u00e7\u0131klanan fakt\u00f6r yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in LISREL istatistik yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 versiyon 8.7 (Scientific Software International Inc., ABD) kullan\u0131larak a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fine y\u00f6nelik DFA ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi; DFA sonucunda elde edilen standardize edilmi\u015f beta kat say\u0131lar\u0131 \u015eekil 2\u2019de verildi. S\u00f6z konusu analiz sonucunda, \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fe ait maddelerin fakt\u00f6r y\u00fcklerinin 0.76 ile 0.97 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc; bu de\u011ferler kabul edilebilir s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde idi (21). Modelin uyum d\u00fczeyini art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in 34-44, 47-47 ve 48-49 numaral\u0131 maddeler aras\u0131nda modifikasyon yap\u0131ld\u0131. Maddeler ile \u00f6rt\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fkenler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin istatistiksel anlaml\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fczeyini ifade eden t<\/i> de\u011ferlerinin 2.58\u2019den b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc ve p <\/i>de\u011ferleri <\/i><0.01 ile istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 d\u00fczeyde bulundu (16). \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fin fakt\u00f6r y\u00fcklerine ait t<\/i> de\u011ferleri \u015eekil 3\u2019te sunuldu.<\/p>\n

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Tablo 10.<\/strong> Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kapsam\u0131nda \u0130ncelenen Uyum Kriterlerinin S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 (22)<\/p><\/div>\n

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Tablo 11.<\/strong> A\u015f\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fine ait Uyum Kriterlerinin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/p><\/div>\n

Do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131 fakt\u00f6r analizi modelinin kabul edilip edilmeyece\u011fine karar verebilmek i\u00e7in uyum kriterlerine bak\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Schermelleh-Engel ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n (22) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na g\u00f6re kabul edilebilir ve m\u00fckemmel uyum kriterleri Tablo 10\u2019da, \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fe ili\u015fkin DFA sonucunda modifikasyon \u00f6ncesi ve sonras\u0131 elde edilen uyum indeksi de\u011ferleri Tablo 11\u2019de sunuldu (23).<\/p>\n

Do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131 fakt\u00f6r analizi sonucunda elde edilen uyum kriterleri incelendi\u011finde, en \u00f6nemli uyum g\u00f6stergelerinden biri olan ki-kare \/serbestlik derecesi (X<\/span>2<\/span>\/df)<\/span> oran\u0131n\u0131n modifikasyon sonras\u0131 4.045 oldu\u011fu belirlendi. Bu de\u011fer kabul edilebilir uyum d\u00fczeyindedir. Ayr\u0131ca, tahmin hatalar\u0131n\u0131n ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n karek\u00f6k\u00fc<\/span> (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation – <\/span>RMSEA) de\u011ferinin 0.077 ile kabul edilebilir uyum d\u00fczeyinde oldu\u011fu; di\u011fer uyum iyili\u011fi indekslerinin ise kabul edilebilir ve m\u00fckemmel uyum aral\u0131klar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu belirlendi. T\u00fcm bu sonu\u00e7lar ile a\u00e7\u0131klanan fakt\u00f6r yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fruland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edildi.<\/p>\n

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Tablo 12.<\/strong> Geli\u015ftirilen \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fin Boyutlar\u0131na Ait Gu\u0308venirlik, AVE ve CR De\u011ferleri<\/p><\/div>\n

\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm modelinin g\u00fcvenirli\u011fi, AVE-CR de\u011ferlerine bak\u0131larak s\u0131nand\u0131. Tablo 12\u2019de sunulan CR de\u011ferinin e\u015fik de\u011fer olan 0.70\u2019in ve AVE de\u011ferinin ise e\u015fik de\u011fer olan 0.50\u2019nin \u00fczerinde oldu\u011fu tespit edildi; bu durum \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm modelinin g\u00fcvenirli\u011fini ve yak\u0131nsama ge\u00e7erli\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi (21). Di\u011fer yanda, ana \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sonucunda da \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin t\u00fcm boyutlar\u0131n\u0131n ve genel g\u00fcvenirlik d\u00fczeyinin y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu tespit edildi (CA>0.70).<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131lan t\u00fcm bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar neticesinde son halini alan \u00f6l\u00e7ek bir soru formu olarak EK 5<\/span><\/a>\u2019te sunuldu.<\/p>\n

\u0130RDELEME<\/h2>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma kapsam\u0131nda, a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin sosyal medya arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct s\u00fcrecine nas\u0131l etki etti\u011fi analiz edildi ve a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n boyutlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlanarak bu boyutlar temelinde be\u015f fakt\u00f6rl\u00fc 35 maddelik bir \u00f6l\u00e7ek geli\u015ftirildi. \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fin fakt\u00f6rleri; A\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Koruyucu De\u011feri, \u00c7arp\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Bilimsellik, A\u015f\u0131 Yerine Ge\u00e7enler, A\u015f\u0131 Teredd\u00fct\u00fc\/Reddi ve A\u015f\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/i>\u2019d\u0131r. Her bir fakt\u00f6r en az \u00fc\u00e7 madde i\u00e7ermekte olup geli\u015ftirilen \u00f6l\u00e7ek di\u011fer \u00f6l\u00e7ekler gibi \u00f6nceden tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f herhangi bir ya\u015f, grup veya a\u015f\u0131ya \u00f6zg\u00fc de\u011fildir. \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fin a\u00e7\u0131klanan varyans de\u011feri %85.057, a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fine ili\u015fkin CA de\u011feri ise 0.985 olarak tespit edildi.<\/p>\n

Sosyal medyan\u0131n a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fc \u00fczerine etkisini irdeleyen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu kavramsal olarak a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fc ve reddini temel almakta ve a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavram\u0131n\u0131 bu iki kavramla e\u015f anlaml\u0131 olarak kullanmaktad\u0131r (24). \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z kapsam\u0131nda ise a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavram\u0131 temel al\u0131narak ve a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fc, a\u015f\u0131 reddi ve a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavramlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki farklar g\u00f6zetilerek \u00f6l\u00e7ek geli\u015ftirildi. A\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fc ile m\u00fccadeleyi g\u00fcndeminden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeyen DS\u00d6, a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc etkileyen fakt\u00f6rlerin yerel d\u00fczeyde daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fini bildirmi\u015ftir (25).\u00a0 <\/span>\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fayan ki\u015filerin a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct s\u00fcrecini etkileyen fakt\u00f6rlerden yola \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; geli\u015ftirilen \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin y\u00fcksek i\u00e7 tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa sahip olmas\u0131 (CA=0.985) bu amaca hizmet etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fin geli\u015ftirilme s\u00fcrecinde, fakt\u00f6rler alt\u0131nda yer alan maddelerin net, kolay anla\u015f\u0131labilir ve tek anlaml\u0131 olmas\u0131na dikkat edildi ve \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin puanlamas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cKesinlikle Kat\u0131lm\u0131yorum<\/i>\u201d, \u201cKat\u0131lm\u0131yorum<\/i>\u201d, \u201cK\u0131smen Kat\u0131lm\u0131yorum<\/i>\u201d, \u201cK\u0131smen Kat\u0131l\u0131yorum<\/i>\u201d, \u201cKat\u0131l\u0131yorum<\/i>\u201d, \u201cKesinlikle Kat\u0131l\u0131yorum<\/i>\u201d ifadeleri kullan\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130lk fakt\u00f6r olan \u201cA\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Koruyucu De\u011feri<\/i>\u201d d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm ifadeler a\u015f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda olumsuz yarg\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131makta olup bu maddeler 1\u2019den 6\u2019ya do\u011fru puanland\u0131. A\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Koruyucu De\u011feri<\/i> fakt\u00f6r\u00fc ise a\u015f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda olumlu yarg\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yan\u0131tlara verilen puanlar 6\u2019dan geriye do\u011fru verildi. \u00d6l\u00e7ekten al\u0131nabilecek puanlar\u0131n toplam\u0131 35 ile 210 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir; \u00f6l\u00e7ekten elde edilen puan\u0131n y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131, ki\u015finin a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczeyinin y\u00fcksekli\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Geli\u015ftirilen \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fe ait AFA sonucunda \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin be\u015f fakt\u00f6rl\u00fc bir yap\u0131 sergiledi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. \u00c7ok fakt\u00f6rl\u00fc yap\u0131 sergileyen \u00f6l\u00e7ek maddelerinin hangi fakt\u00f6r alt\u0131nda olaca\u011f\u0131na daha do\u011fru karar verebilmek i\u00e7in d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme tekni\u011finden yararlan\u0131ld\u0131, geli\u015ftirilen \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme sonras\u0131nda \u00f6z de\u011ferleri 1\u2019in \u00fczerinde olan be\u015f fakt\u00f6rl\u00fc bir yap\u0131da olu\u015ftu\u011fu belirlendi. Bu be\u015f fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin %85.057\u2019sini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Her bir fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 varyans d\u00fczeyine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u201ca\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fc\/reddi<\/i>\u201d fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin %27.58\u2019ini, \u201ca\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/i>\u201d fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn ise \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin %17.674\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.\u00a0 <\/span>A\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi maddelerine ait fakt\u00f6r y\u00fck de\u011ferleri hesapland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise maddeler aras\u0131nda herhangi bir karars\u0131zl\u0131k durumu g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi; \u201ca\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fc \/reddi<\/i>\u201d ve \u201ca\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/i>\u201d fakt\u00f6rleri birbirinden ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca ilgili fakt\u00f6rlerin i\u00e7 tutarl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden g\u00fcvenirlik d\u00fczeylerinin olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu (\u201ca\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fc\/reddi<\/i>\u201d fakt\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7in CA=0.987; \u201ca\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/i>\u201d fakt\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7in CA=0.964) tespit edildi.<\/p>\n

Gilkey ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 (26) taraf\u0131ndan 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, ergenlik d\u00f6nemlerinde yap\u0131lan a\u015f\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik olarak ebeveyn g\u00fcvenini \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 fakt\u00f6rl\u00fc k\u0131sa bir a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6l\u00e7ek, Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u0130nan\u00e7 Modeli temel al\u0131narak ve 13-17 ya\u015f aras\u0131nda en az bir \u00e7ocuk sahibi olan 9623 ebeveynin a\u015f\u0131 inanc\u0131 anketine verdikleri yan\u0131tlar \u00fczerinden geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Opel ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 (27) taraf\u0131ndan 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ba\u015fka \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, \u00e7ocukluk \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131na ili\u015fkin ebeveyn tutumlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fc ya\u015fayan ebeveynlerin teredd\u00fct d\u00fczeyini belirlemede kullan\u0131lacak bir \u00f6l\u00e7me arac\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f olup \u00f6l\u00e7ek 18 madde ve \u00fc\u00e7 fakt\u00f6rden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Ergen a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik teredd\u00fctl\u00fc ebeveynleri belirlemek amac\u0131yla geli\u015ftirilen g\u00fcvenilir ve ge\u00e7erli bir di\u011fer \u00f6l\u00e7ek Roberts ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 (28) taraf\u0131ndan 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Ergen pop\u00fclasyonu i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131ya \u00f6zg\u00fc teredd\u00fctleri daha iyi anlamay\u0131 hedefleyen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, \u00c7ocukluk \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 A\u015f\u0131lar\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Ebeveyn Tutumu anketinin bir ba\u015fka versiyonu olarak literat\u00fcre kazand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi, Kanada\u2019da 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda Shapiro ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 (29) taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir; iki fakt\u00f6rl\u00fc bir yap\u0131 ortaya koyan \u00f6l\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra a\u015f\u0131 tutumu ve a\u015f\u0131 reddi konusunda da \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcme olanak vermektedir. K\u0131zam\u0131k, Kabakulak, K\u0131zam\u0131k\u00e7\u0131k (3K) a\u015f\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ebeveyn tutumunu de\u011ferlendiren bir \u00f6l\u00e7ek de 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda Brown ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 (30) taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir (30). 5-18 ya\u015f aras\u0131nda \u00e7ocu\u011fu olan 535 ebeveyn \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma 20 maddeden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. McRee ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n (31) 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada ise HPV a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in tutum ve inan\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7en bir a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. <\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de geli\u015ftirilen ilk ve tek a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi, K\u0131l\u0131n\u00e7arslan ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 (32) taraf\u0131nda uzun ve k\u0131sa form olarak olu\u015fturulmu\u015f olup uzun form d\u00f6rt, k\u0131sa form ise \u00fc\u00e7 boyuttur. Makale olarak yay\u0131nlanan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, k\u0131sa formdaki fakt\u00f6rler \u201ca\u015f\u0131 yarar\u0131 ve koruyucu de\u011feri<\/i>\u201d, \u201ca\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/i>\u201d, \u201ca\u015f\u0131 olmamak i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler<\/i>\u201d olarak ifade edilirken uzun forma \u201ca\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/i>\u201d fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn eklendi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yay\u0131mlanan \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde \u201cA\u015f\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fi\u201d yazmaktad\u0131r; ancak makale ana metninde ama\u00e7 \u201cbireylerin a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct d\u00fczeyini \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lacak ge\u00e7erli ve g\u00fcvenilir bir T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00f6l\u00e7ek geli\u015ftirmektir<\/i>\u201d \u015feklinde sunulmu\u015ftur. \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fin fakt\u00f6rleri alt\u0131nda yer alan ifadeler kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, K\u0131l\u0131n\u00e7arslan ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n (32) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndaki a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fc ve kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n benzer \u015fekilde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Bizim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z, a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fc ve a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 birbirinden net \u00e7izgilerle ay\u0131rarak ele almaktad\u0131r. Geli\u015ftirilen \u00f6l\u00e7ekte, a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fc\/reddi ve a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmak \u00fczere iki farkl\u0131 fakt\u00f6r belirlendi ve bu ayr\u0131m vurguland\u0131. Bu anlay\u0131\u015fla:<\/p>\n

A\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fc,<\/i> ki\u015filerin a\u015f\u0131lar hakk\u0131nda sorgulamalar yapmas\u0131n\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131p yapt\u0131rmama konusunda karars\u0131z kalmas\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir.<\/p>\n

A\u015f\u0131 reddi,<\/i> teredd\u00fct sonucunda ki\u015finin baz\u0131 a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 veya t\u00fcm a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 yapt\u0131rmamaya karar vermesi durumudur.<\/p>\n

A\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise,<\/i> ki\u015finin sadece kendi a\u015f\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131 etkilemekle kalmay\u0131p <\/i>\u00e7evresindeki ki\u015fileri de a\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131rmamaya y\u00f6nlendirecek davran\u0131\u015flarda bulunmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Bu durum, aleni ya da \u00fcst\u00fc kapal\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ki\u015fileri manip\u00fcle etmek anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylesi bir ayr\u0131m, geli\u015ftirilen \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin temelini olu\u015fturmakta olup ki\u015filerin a\u015f\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik tutumlar\u0131n\u0131n daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirilmesine olanak sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z bildi\u011fimiz kadar\u0131yla \u00fclkemizde geli\u015ftirilen ilk a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fin boyutlar\u0131ndan birinin a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct\u00fc olmas\u0131 sebebiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma neticesinde olu\u015fturulan a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finin, fakl\u0131 \u00fclkelerde geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e g\u00fcvenirlik ge\u00e7erlik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmleri yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f a\u015f\u0131 teredd\u00fct \u00f6l\u00e7eklerine nazaran kullan\u0131m kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. \u00d6l\u00e7ekte yer alan ifadeler, ki\u015filerin ekonomik, sosyal ve demografik \u00f6zellikleri gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli fakt\u00f6rlerden etkilenebilir. Bu nedenle, \u00f6l\u00e7ek T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f olmakla birlikte benzer sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131ya sahip \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131labilir. \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fi kullanacak olan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n, kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma gruplar\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fc ko\u015fullar\u0131 dikkate alarak fakt\u00f6r analizi ve g\u00fcvenirlik analizi gibi y\u00f6ntemleri tekrarlamalar\u0131 yararl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Bu sayede, elde edilecek bulgular \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin g\u00fcvenirli\u011fini art\u0131racak ve farkl\u0131 \u00f6rneklemlerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak; bundan sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda benzer y\u00f6ntemler kullan\u0131larak farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerde i\u00e7in yeni \u00f6l\u00e7ekler geli\u015ftirilebilir. Her \u00fclkenin ve toplumun kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, sosyal ve demografik \u00f6zellikleriyle uyumlu \u00f6l\u00e7eklere ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131r ve bu \u00f6l\u00e7ekler sayesinde \u00fclkeler aras\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131larak a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 indekslerinin ortaya konulmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r. Ancak bu \u015fekilde, k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde a\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 daha sistematik ve b\u00fct\u00fcnsel bir yakla\u015f\u0131m geli\u015ftirilebilir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

G\u0130R\u0130\u015e Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131klama, bireylerin belirli hastal\u0131klardan korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak imm\u00fcn sistemi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir ve infeksiyon hastal\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 daha etkili bir savunma mekanizmas\u0131 olu\u015fturur (1). A\u015f\u0131lar, ki\u015fileri hastal\u0131klarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmadan \u00f6nce koruma alt\u0131na alarak, patojenlere kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir (2). Ayr\u0131ca do\u011fru zamanda ve do\u011fru y\u00f6ntemle uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klardan ve bu hastal\u0131klara ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm ve sakatlanmalardan korunmay\u0131 da sa\u011flar (3). […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":30277,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5129],"tags":[6083,5099,5380],"class_list":["post-30089","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ozgun-arastirma","tag-asi-karsitligi-olcegi","tag-asi-reddi","tag-asi-tereddutu"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.klimikdergisi.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30089","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.klimikdergisi.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.klimikdergisi.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.klimikdergisi.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.klimikdergisi.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30089"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.klimikdergisi.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30089\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30350,"href":"https:\/\/www.klimikdergisi.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30089\/revisions\/30350"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.klimikdergisi.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30277"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.klimikdergisi.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30089"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.klimikdergisi.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30089"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.klimikdergisi.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30089"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}